Nacional'nyy issledovatel'skiy Tomskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet
The paper presents the results of the deployment and trial operation of a station of the Russian segment of the Global Aerosol, Cloud, and Precipitation Observing Network (GAONet) in Tomsk. The hardware system includes a polarization lidar, a 360-degree sky-surveillance system, and a laser precipitation monitor. Analysis of the initial results revealed several significant operational limitations due to the use of disparate software, which complicates measurement synchronization and data verification. A unified modular software architecture based on modular software agents and standardized exchange protocols is proposed. This solution will ensure centralized data collection, a unified timeframe, and the ability to implement adaptive observation scenarios. Implementation of the proposed approach transforms a set of autonomous instruments into a scalable "smart" observatory, open to the implementation of promising hybrid sensing methods and fully compliant with international standards.
GAONet, multisensor measurements, atmospheric sounding, software architecture, data integration
1. Matvienko G.G., Babushkin P.A., Bobrovnikov S.M., Borovoi A.G., Bochkovskii D.A., Galileiskii V.P., Grishin A.I., Dolgii S.I., Elizarov A.I., Kokarev D.V., Konoshonkin A.V., Kryuchkov A.V., Kustova N.V., Nevzorov A.V., Marichev V.N., Morozov A.M., Oshlakov V.K., Romanovskii O.A., Sukhanov A.Ya., Trifonov D.A., Yakovlev S.V., Sadovnikov S.A., Nevzorov A.A. and Kharchenko O.V. Laser and Optical Sounding of the Atmosphere // Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics. 2020. V. 33. No. 01. P. 51–68. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1134/S102485602001008X.
2. Kotthaus S. et al. Atmospheric boundary layer height from ground-based remote sensing: a review of capabilities and limitations //Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions. – 2022. – T. 2022. – S. 1-88.
3. Sato K., Okamoto H., Nishizawa T., Jin Y., Nakajima T.Y., Wang M., Satoh M., et al. JAXA Level 2 cloud and precipitation microphysics retrievals based on EarthCARE radar, lidar, and imager: the CPR_CLP, AC_CLP, and ACM_CLP products // Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. 2025. V. 18. P. 1325–1338. DOI: /10.5194/amt-18-1325-2025.
4. Winker D. M. et al. The CALIPSO mission: A global 3D view of aerosols and clouds //Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. – 2010. – T. 91. – №. 9. – S. 1211-1230.
5. A European Aerosol Research Lidar Network to Establish an Aerosol Climatology: EARLINET [Elektronnyy resurs]. — URL: https://www.earlinet.eu/ (data obrascheniya: 23.01.2026).
6. Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) [Elektronnyy resurs]. — URL: https://ndacc.larc.nasa.gov (data obrascheniya: 10.06.2025).
7. The Latin America Lidar Network (LALINET) [Elektronnyy resurs]. — URL: http://www.lalinet.org/ (data obrascheniya: 10.06.2025).
8. Wang Z., Liu D., Wang Y. Research Progress of ANSO Atmospheric Observation Network and Initiative of the Global Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation Observation Network (GAONet) Plan // AERSS Annual Meeting 2023 (16-19 September 2023, Wuhan, China): Conference Manual. — P. 34.
9. Shishko V. A. et al. Russian observation site of global aerosol-cloud-precipitation observation network (GAONet) in Tomsk //AOPC 2025: Optical Spectroscopy and Imaging; and Atmospheric and Environmental Optics. – SPIE, 2025. – T. 13959. – S. 277-281.
10. Liang S. et al. Ogc sensorthings api part 1: Sensing version 1.1. – 2021.
11. Sethi P., Sarangi S. R. Internet of things: architectures, protocols, and applications //Journal of electrical and computer engineering. – 2017. – T. 2017. – №. 1. – S. 9324035.
12. Wilkinson M. D. et al. The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship //Scientific data. – 2016. – T. 3. – №. 1. – S. 1-9.
13. Baars H. et al. An overview of the first decade of Polly NET: an emerging network of automated Raman-polarization lidars for continuous aerosol profiling //Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. – 2016. – T. 16. – №. 8. – S. 5111-5137.
14. Pappalardo G. et al. EARLINET: towards an advanced sustainable European aerosol lidar network //Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. – 2014. – T. 7. – №. 8. – S. 2389-2409.
15. Matvienko G.G., Babushkin P.A., Bobrovnikov S.M., Borovoi A.G., Bochkovskii D.A., Galileiskii V.P., Grishin A.I., Dolgii S.I., Elizarov A.I., Kokarev D.V., Konoshonkin A.V., Kryuchkov A.V., Kustova N.V., Nevzorov A.V., Marichev V.N., Morozov A.M., Oshlakov V.K., Romanovskii O.A., Sukhanov A.Ya., Trifonov D.A., Yakovlev S.V., Sadovnikov S.A., Nevzorov A.A. and Kharchenko O.V. Laser and Optical Sounding of the Atmosphere // Atmospheric and Oceanic Optics. 2020. V. 33. No. 01. P. 51–68. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1134/S102485602001008X.
16. Kotthaus S. et al. Atmospheric boundary layer height from ground-based remote sensing: a review of capabilities and limitations //Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions. – 2022. – T. 2022. – S. 1-88.
17. Sato K., Okamoto H., Nishizawa T., Jin Y., Nakajima T.Y., Wang M., Satoh M., et al. JAXA Level 2 cloud and precipitation microphysics retrievals based on EarthCARE radar, lidar, and imager: the CPR_CLP, AC_CLP, and ACM_CLP products // Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. 2025. V. 18. P. 1325–1338. DOI: /10.5194/amt-18-1325-2025.
18. Winker D. M. et al. The CALIPSO mission: A global 3D view of aerosols and clouds //Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. – 2010. – T. 91. – №. 9. – S. 1211-1230.
19. A European Aerosol Research Lidar Network to Establish an Aerosol Climatology: EARLINET [Elektronnyy resurs]. — URL: https://www.earlinet.eu/ (data obrascheniya: 23.01.2026).
20. Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) [Elektronnyy resurs]. — URL: https://ndacc.larc.nasa.gov (data obrascheniya: 10.06.2025).
21. The Latin America Lidar Network (LALINET) [Elektronnyy resurs]. — URL: http://www.lalinet.org/ (data obrascheniya: 10.06.2025).
22. Wang Z., Liu D., Wang Y. Research Progress of ANSO Atmospheric Observation Network and Initiative of the Global Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation Observation Network (GAONet) Plan // AERSS Annual Meeting 2023 (16-19 September 2023, Wuhan, China): Conference Manual. — P. 34.
23. Shishko V. A. et al. Russian observation site of global aerosol-cloud-precipitation observation network (GAONet) in Tomsk //AOPC 2025: Optical Spectroscopy and Imaging; and Atmospheric and Environmental Optics. – SPIE, 2025. – T. 13959. – S. 277-281.
24. Liang S. et al. Ogc sensorthings api part 1: Sensing version 1.1. – 2021.
25. Sethi P., Sarangi S. R. Internet of things: architectures, protocols, and applications //Journal of electrical and computer engineering. – 2017. – T. 2017. – №. 1. – S. 9324035.
26. Wilkinson M. D. et al. The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship //Scientific data. – 2016. – T. 3. – №. 1. – S. 1-9.
27. Baars H. et al. An overview of the first decade of Polly NET: an emerging network of automated Raman-polarization lidars for continuous aerosol profiling //Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. – 2016. – T. 16. – №. 8. – S. 5111-5137.
28. Pappalardo G. et al. EARLINET: towards an advanced sustainable European aerosol lidar network //Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. – 2014. – T. 7. – №. 8. – S. 2389-2409.
